There’s Trouble a Brewin’ in the Marriage between the Atmosphere and the Ocean




The cooling patch of ocean south of Greenland Credit: Nature Climate Change



By Michael Coppola and Nancy Lazar


What drives a significant part of the planet’s weather and climate and is responsible for feeding a good portion of the world? It is the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation or AMOC. This is the movement of surface and deep ocean water by a convection cell between the warm equatorial Atlantic and the cold North Atlantic waters. It is part of the global thermohaline ocean circulation that distributes and mixes surface and deep water throughout all the world's oceans. These currents move as part of various convection cells within the ocean waters.


Credit: Wikipedia Commons The circulation system of the global ocean

Simply speaking, warm surface water in the tropics flows north; when it reaches the colder northern latitudes it becomes denser, sinking down when it reaches the glacial area of the Arctic. It then flows back south as a deep water current to again rise to the surface as it is warmed by the tropical waters.

Scientists who study the AMOC have observed that as the atmosphere and the oceans warm, the AMOC slows down. This is in part because as more fresh water from melting glaciers enters the Northern Arctic waters it reduces the density of the sea water and hinders the downward sinking of water, disrupting the convection cell.

As reported in a study published in the journal Nature, “The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation has declined in strength by 15 percent since the mid-20th century to a new record low." That’s a decrease of 3 million cubic meters of water per second, the equivalent of nearly 15 Amazon Rivers. Jon Robson, a researcher at the University of Reading, and one of the study’s authors explained that the last 100 years has been its lowest point for more than a thousand years.

When the AMOC slows down things happen that are detrimental to the planet

Here are some examples:

The AMOC and all other ocean convection cells, such as the Gulf Stream, have a direct relationship with the temperature and movement of global air masses. Our daily weather and long term climate zones are a product of these air and water movements. The northward movement of the AMOC surface water is responsible for the warmer climate of Western Europe. If these currents slow or stop, the winters in Western Europe will be much colder. This leads to more need to burn fuels that add to Global Warming.

These currents also bring much needed nutrients to enable phytoplankton and zooplankton to thrive in the oxygen-rich cold water in the north. The process of mixing the southern ocean waters, which are rich in nutrients with colder water of the northern oceans, enables the existence of the productive fisheries of the northern ocean. This creates a fishery that provides 40% of the world’s seafood. What might be the most devastating result of a slowing or even a possible stop to the AMOC?  If insufficient nutrients reach the North Atlantic fishing ground the fish population will collapse leading to severe food shortage for those nations who depend upon fish for their primary food. Combine this loss with the current damage to crops occurring because of record high temperatures, droughts and wind storms we are already experiencing, and we have the ingredients for global food insecurity turmoil.

A slowing of the AMOC can raise the sea level along the northeast coast of North America. In the fall - winter seasons of 2009-2010 the AMOC slowed at the same time as a decrease in the North Atlantic Artic Oscillation (an atmospheric circulation pattern  over the mid to high latitudes of the northern hemisphere). The two changes resulted in raising sea level 13 cm making the flooding of New York City worse during the 2009-2010 hurricane seasons.

Scientists predict the AMOC circulation will only weaken further as climate change advances and the change may not be slow and steady. Studies from the planet’s history suggest that such a sudden change in the North Atlantic has occurred many times in the past and as recently as about 13,000 years ago. One of the study’s authors, Stefan Rahmstorf of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research in Germany states “I think in the long run … Greenland will start melting even faster, so I think the long-term prospect for that ocean circulation system is that it will weaken further.”

 

If it's not time for divorce lawyers for the atmosphere and the AMOC, maybe a little advice from counseling would help? As this article and previous articles have shown Climate Change is moving faster than originally predicted so we must take rapid steps to reduce the amount of global greenhouse gasses. The best way to achieve this is through aggressive conservation. WWII proved that we can endure rationing and sacrifice for the greater good. We can shutdown high C02 generation for more efficient plants if we all commit to using less energy on a daily basis.


As noted in a previous Planet Earth Needs You blog we can reduce methane, a highly potent greenhouse gas, by cutting out the source from animal agriculture. If we all eat less meat and shrink that sector we will go a long way to mitigating this crisis of global warming.


References


https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2018/04/11/the-oceans-circulation-hasnt-been-this-sluggish-in-1000-years-thats-bad-news/

 

https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/feature-story/reconstruction-major-north-atlantic-circulation-system-shows-weakening

 

https://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-jamming-critical-heat-conveyor-18810

 

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/298/5602/2374

 

https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms7346

 


 

Comments

Popular posts from this blog

Need a break from “Breaking Bad”?

Could we be facing a rapid destruction of the world’s forests?

Man's New Best Friend May Be the Tree